Oil

Crude Oil Benchmarks- what does it all mean? WTI, WCS, Brent, Dubai, Bonny Light…

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Crude oil is a vital commodity in the global energy market, serving as the primary source of fuel for transportation, power generation, and various industrial processes. As a result, the pricing and trading of crude oil play a crucial role in the functioning of the energy industry. To facilitate this process, several benchmark crude oil streams have emerged, each with its unique characteristics and market significance.

Understanding Crude Oil Benchmarks

Crude oil benchmarks serve as reference points for pricing and trading crude oil in the global market. They represent specific types or blends of crude oil that are widely recognized and traded by market participants. These benchmarks help establish a common language for buyers and sellers and provide a basis for determining the value of different types of crude oil.

The pricing of crude oil benchmarks is influenced by various factors, including supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical events, global economic conditions, and market sentiment. Changes in benchmark prices often have a significant impact on energy markets, influencing fuel prices, investment decisions, and industry profitability. (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members have access to crude benchmarks – Clearbrook, LLS, Midland, Houston)

West Texas Intermediate (WTI) as a Benchmark

One of the most well-known crude oil benchmarks is West Texas Intermediate (WTI). WTI is a type of light, sweet crude oil that is produced primarily in the United States, specifically in Texas, Louisiana, and North Dakota. It is highly regarded for its quality and convenient refining properties, making it a preferred benchmark for oil pricing in the United States.

WTI crude oil is traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and serves as the U.S. benchmark for oil pricing. The price of WTI is measured in barrels, with trades typically sold in 1,000 barrel increments. Market participants, including oil producers, refineries, and traders, use WTI as a reference point for pricing and hedging their crude oil transactions.

The pricing of WTI is influenced by various factors, such as U.S. oil production levels, inventories, refinery demand, and global market conditions. Fluctuations in WTI prices often reflect changes in supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical tensions, and macroeconomic factors affecting the energy industry.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members receive daily insight into the forward market of WTI)

Western Canadian Select (WCS) as a Benchmark

Another significant crude oil benchmark is Western Canadian Select (WCS). WCS is a heavy crude oil stream produced exclusively in Western Canada, primarily from the oil sands. It is a blend of various conventional and unconventional oils, including bitumen, synthetic crude oil, and conventional heavy oil.

WCS is known for its density and high sulfur content, which make it a heavy sour crude oil. It is priced at a discount to other lighter and sweeter crude oil benchmarks, reflecting its lower quality and refining challenges. WCS is primarily used by refineries in North America, particularly those on the U.S. Gulf Coast, that have the capability to process heavy sour crude oil.

The pricing of WCS is influenced by factors such as Canadian oil production levels, transportation constraints, refinery demand, and global market conditions. Fluctuations in WCS prices often reflect changes in regional supply and demand dynamics, pipeline capacity constraints, and the price differentials between heavy and light crude oil grades.

Other Crude Oil Benchmarks

In addition to WTI and WCS, there are several other significant crude oil benchmarks in the global energy market. These include Brent Crude, Dubai Crude, Oman Crude, Bonny Light, and many others. Each benchmark represents a specific type or blend of crude oil from different regions of the world, with its unique characteristics and market dynamics.

Brent Crude, for example, is a light sweet crude oil benchmark that is primarily produced in the North Sea. It serves as the global benchmark for oil pricing and is widely used in the trading of crude oil futures contracts. Brent Crude is known for its high quality and is often used as a reference point for pricing other crude oil grades.

Dubai Crude and Oman Crude are benchmarks for Middle Eastern crude oil, primarily sourced from the Arabian Peninsula. These benchmarks represent the pricing and trading of crude oil in the Asia-Pacific region and serve as references for pricing oil in the Middle East and Asia.

Each crude oil benchmark has its own unique characteristics, pricing mechanisms, and market dynamics. Market participants, including producers, refiners, and traders, closely monitor these benchmarks to assess market trends, make informed trading decisions, and manage their crude oil portfolios.

Conclusion

Crude oil benchmarks play a crucial role in the global energy market, providing a reference point for pricing and trading crude oil. Benchmarks like WTI and WCS represent specific types or blends of crude oil and help establish a common language for market participants. Understanding these benchmarks and their significance enables industry stakeholders to navigate the complexities of the energy market and make informed decisions based on market trends and pricing dynamics.

Curious about Rogue Edge?

Discover Rogue Edge, our powerful market research tool designed for energy professionals like you. For only $89/month, gain access to 150 interactive and downloadable charts, AI forecasting, and expert insights on oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, and refined products. Stay ahead with our daily market email, weekly video recap, and PDF reports. Expand your knowledge and stay updated with our educational resources and industry trend updates. Our experienced team is here to provide personalized guidance, tools and support, ensuring your success in the energy sector.

Join us today and unlock the power of informed decision-making in the ever-evolving energy markets.

Click Here To Register Now

Curious but want to learn more… Simply book a meeting with Bill & Brian and we’ll decide together if Rogue Edge is right for you:

Click Here To Book a Meeting

For more information on natural gas processing and its impact on market dynamics, contact our team of experts at rogue@energyrogue.com.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and should not be considered as financial advice. Trading commodities, including oil, involves risk, and past performance does not guarantee future results. It is essential to conduct thorough research and consult with a qualified financial advisor before making any investment or trading decisions.

Energy Commodity Trading – hedging, fundamentals, technicals

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Oil Trading

Oil trading is a complex and volatile market that requires expert knowledge and strategic decision-making. As the world’s most widely traded commodity, oil plays a crucial role in global economic stability. Understanding the intricacies of oil trading and implementing effective hedging strategies is essential for businesses and investors looking to navigate this dynamic market.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the future of oil trading, including key trends, market dynamics, and innovative hedging strategies. From the fundamentals of oil trading to advanced risk management techniques, this article will equip you with the knowledge and tools to optimize your oil trading activities and capitalize on market opportunities. (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members receive a free session designed for your trading/hedging plan.)

I. The Current State of the Oil Trading Industry

1.1. Overview of the Oil Trading Industry

The oil trading industry has experienced significant growth and volatility in recent years. As the global demand for energy continues to rise, so does the importance of oil as a key commodity. The industry has witnessed substantial value pools, with EBIT for oil trading estimated to have increased by over 90 percent from 2018 to 2021, reaching $18 billion.

1.2. Energy Transition and its Impact on Oil Trading

The ongoing energy transition has introduced structural volatility and market disruptions in the oil trading landscape. Decarbonization efforts, geopolitical turbulence, and supply chain bottlenecks have created challenges and opportunities for market participants. The transition to renewable energy sources and the integration of new technologies have redefined the concept of oil as a commodity. (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members have access to over 150 charts on supply, demand, imports, exports to help decipher the future market prices.)

1.3. Trade Flow Disruptions and Regionalization

The flow of global commodities, including oil, is susceptible to disruptions caused by various factors such as geopolitical events, natural disasters, and pandemics. Recent events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical tensions, have reshaped global trade flows. Market participants need to navigate these disruptions and adapt to changing dynamics to optimize their trading activities.

1.4. Financing Challenges in Oil Trading

Volatility in oil prices has led to increased collateral requirements and tighter credit conditions in the industry. Market participants, especially small and medium-sized traders, face challenges in accessing trade financing and maintaining working capital. However, larger traders can leverage their balance sheets to take advantage of credit restrictions and enhance their margins.

1.5. Increase in Liquidity and Financially Tradable Products

The oil trading industry has witnessed a surge in liquidity and the availability of financially tradable products. Producers and customers have increasingly turned to trading platforms to capture additional value and optimize their supply chains. This has led to greater price transparency, contract standardization, and the emergence of new exchanges and platforms.

II. Hedging Strategies in Oil Trading

2.1. Understanding Futures Contracts

Futures contracts are a popular hedging instrument in the oil trading market. These contracts give market participants the right and obligation to buy or sell the underlying commodity at a predetermined price at a future date. While physical delivery is possible, most futures contracts are utilized for hedging purposes and are closed out before expiration.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members can learn how to optimize their hedging portfolio with Rogue Edge.)

2.2. Hedging with Oil Futures Contracts

Companies can hedge their exposure to oil price fluctuations by buying or selling oil futures contracts. For example, a corporate fleet that consumes a significant amount of diesel fuel can hedge their future fuel costs by purchasing oil futures contracts. By fixing or locking in the price, they can mitigate the risk of price volatility and ensure cost stability.

2.3. Hedging Strategies with Options Contracts

Options contracts offer additional flexibility for hedging oil price risk. These contracts provide the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified timeframe. Options can be used to protect against price fluctuations while allowing for potential upside gains.

2.4. Spread Trading and Calendar Spreads

Spread trading involves taking simultaneous long and short positions in related oil futures contracts. This strategy aims to capitalize on price differentials between different delivery months or related commodities. Calendar spreads, in particular, involve taking opposite positions in futures contracts with different expiration dates.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members share trading ideas on the private discord community.)

2.5. Basis Swaps and Physical Market Hedging

Basis swaps allow market participants to hedge the difference between the price of a physical commodity and the price of a related futures contract. This strategy is commonly used to hedge locational price differentials or to manage exposure to specific delivery points. Physical market hedging involves directly purchasing or selling physical oil to lock in prices and mitigate price risk.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members have access to basis changes for Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Refined Products)

III. Technical Analysis in Oil Trading

3.1. Introduction to Technical Analysis

Technical analysis is a popular approach to analyzing market trends and making trading decisions. It involves studying historical price and volume data to identify patterns and predict future price movements. Technical indicators, such as moving averages, trend lines, and oscillators, are used to generate buy or sell signals.

3.2. Key Technical Indicators in Oil Trading

Several technical indicators are commonly used in oil trading to identify price trends and potential reversals. Moving averages, such as the 50-day and 200-day moving averages, can help identify long-term trends. Relative Strength Index (RSI) and Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) are oscillators that indicate overbought or oversold conditions.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members view updated technical indicators every morning)

3.3. Chart Patterns and Candlestick Analysis

Chart patterns and candlestick analysis provide valuable insights into market sentiment and potential price reversals. Common chart patterns, such as head and shoulders, double tops, and triangles, can indicate trend reversals or continuation. Candlestick patterns, such as doji, engulfing, and hammer, provide signals of potential market reversals.

3.4. Using Technical Analysis in Oil Trading

Technical analysis can be combined with fundamental analysis to enhance trading decisions in the oil market. By analyzing both historical price patterns and fundamental factors, such as supply and demand dynamics, traders can gain a comprehensive understanding of the market and make informed trading decisions.

IV. Fundamental Analysis in Oil Trading

4.1. Understanding Fundamental Analysis

Fundamental analysis involves evaluating the underlying factors that influence the supply and demand dynamics of the oil market. This analysis considers factors such as geopolitical events, production levels, inventories, and economic indicators to assess the fair value of oil and make trading decisions based on long-term trends.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members see the latest supply, demand, imports, exports, stocks, and storage for crude oil, refined products, and natural gas)

4.2. Key Fundamental Indicators in Oil Trading

Several key indicators are used in fundamental analysis to assess the health of the oil market. These include oil production levels, global inventories, geopolitical events, OPEC decisions, and economic indicators such as GDP growth and inflation rates. Monitoring these indicators can provide valuable insights into future price movements.

4.3. Supply and Demand Dynamics in the Oil Market

Supply and demand dynamics play a crucial role in determining oil prices. Changes in production levels, geopolitical tensions, and economic growth can significantly impact supply and demand imbalances. Understanding these dynamics and their potential impact on prices is essential for successful oil trading.

4.4. Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Oil Prices

Macroeconomic factors, such as global economic growth, interest rates, and currency fluctuations, can have a significant impact on oil prices. Strong economic growth often leads to increased oil demand, while interest rate changes and currency movements can influence the cost of oil production and transportation.

V. Conclusion

In conclusion, oil trading is a complex and dynamic market that requires a deep understanding of market fundamentals, technical analysis, and effective hedging strategies. By staying informed about market trends, implementing robust risk management techniques, and utilizing advanced trading tools, market participants can navigate the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities presented by the future of oil trading. Whether you are a corporate fleet manager, an investor, or a trader, adopting a comprehensive approach to oil trading will empower you to make informed decisions and achieve success in this ever-evolving industry.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members see the value of the latest fundamental, technical, and sentiment in the market – find out more below…)

Curious about Rogue Edge?

Discover Rogue Edge, our powerful market research tool designed for energy professionals like you. For only $89/month, gain access to 150 interactive and downloadable charts, AI forecasting, and expert insights on oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, and refined products. Stay ahead with our daily market email, weekly video recap, and PDF reports. Expand your knowledge and stay updated with our educational resources and industry trend updates. Our experienced team is here to provide personalized guidance, tools and support, ensuring your success in the energy sector.

Join us today and unlock the power of informed decision-making in the ever-evolving energy markets.

Click Here To Register Now

Curious but want to learn more… Simply book a meeting with Bill & Brian and we’ll decide together if Rogue Edge is right for you:

Click Here To Book a Meeting

For more information on natural gas processing and its impact on market dynamics, contact our team of experts at rogue@energyrogue.com.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and should not be considered as financial advice. Trading commodities, including oil, involves risk, and past performance does not guarantee future results. It is essential to conduct thorough research and consult with a qualified financial advisor before making any investment or trading decisions.

Sources:

  1. McKinsey & Company. “The Future of Commodity Trading.” January 29, 2023.Link
  2. Mercatus Energy. “Energy Hedging 101 – Futures.”Link
  3. Commodity.com. “Everything you wanted to know about commodity trading.”Link

Oil & Gas Drilling

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The Ultimate Resource for Understanding Oil and Gas Drilling

Introduction

The oil and gas industry is a dynamic and complex sector that plays a crucial role in the global economy. From exploration and production to drilling and completions, every step in the process is driven by economic factors. Understanding the economics of oil and gas drilling is essential for companies, investors, and stakeholders to make informed decisions and maximize profits.

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricacies of oil and gas drilling economics. We will explore the exploration process, the cost of geology and geophysics, the significance of seismic data, the expenses associated with drilling, and the total cost of exploration. We will also examine the development phase, the cost of production drilling, and the various factors that influence development costs. Additionally, we will discuss production techniques, recovery rates, and the impact of technological innovations on drilling economics.

The Exploration Phase

1. Geology: Unveiling the Secrets of the Subsurface

Geology is the foundation of the exploration phase. Geologists study large areas to identify potential hydrocarbon accumulations. They analyze source rocks, reservoir rocks, and impermeable overburden rocks to determine the presence of hydrocarbons. Geographical surface studies and subsurface maps help geologists deduce the characteristics of the subsoil. Geophysics, the measurement and interpretation of physical quantities of the subsoil, complements geology in the exploration process. (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members have access to oil production, gas production, and rigs for every Oil & Gas Play in the US)

2. Geophysics: Unveiling the Secrets of the Subsurface

Geophysics plays a crucial role in understanding the subsurface and identifying potential drilling locations. Seismic reflection, the main approach in geophysics, involves sending elastic waves into the subsoil and recording the reflected waves to gain insights into the underground structural formation. Seismic campaigns involve data acquisition, processing, and interpretation, contributing to the total cost of exploration.

3. Seismic Cost: Evaluating the Financial Investment

Seismic campaigns are a significant component of exploration costs. The cost of a seismic campaign includes field data acquisition, data processing, and interpretation. The total cost of a seismic campaign depends on factors such as the difficulty of access, desired coverage, and the area covered. The competitiveness of local markets also influences seismic survey costs. Despite the expenses, seismic data is essential for assessing the prospect’s interest and making informed decisions about drilling.

4. Drilling: Unlocking the Subsurface Potential

Drilling is the ultimate step in exploration, providing direct access to the subsoil. Drilling wells involves reaching the target depths and perforating geological layers. Different drilling techniques are used, such as attacking the rock with a rotating drill bit. Onshore and offshore drilling differ in terms of rig support, with offshore drilling requiring platforms or floating structures. Drilling costs vary depending on factors like depth, rig type, and geographical location. (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members have access to weekly rigs by basin with special focus on Oklahoma permits and completions)

5. Cost of Drilling: Factors Influencing the Economic Investment

Drilling costs include the rental of drilling rigs, supervision expenses, consumables, and other equipment required for drilling operations. The duration of drilling varies based on depth and hardness of the layers traversed. Exploration wells have a lower success rate, meaning that costs must be considered even if a well does not lead to a discovery. The cost of drilling represents a significant proportion of the total cost of an exploration program.

The Development Phase

6. Delineation and Reservoir Appraisal: Confirming the Discovery

Once a discovery is made, the focus shifts to delineation and reservoir appraisal. These processes involve gathering additional information about the reservoir boundaries, rock characteristics, and production conditions. Economic studies complement technical assessments to determine the commercial viability of the field and its alignment with the company’s strategy and financial resources.

7. Production Drilling: Exploiting the Reservoir

Production drilling differs from exploration drilling in terms of operation duration and control. Production wells are drilled faster, and completion times for connecting the producing area to the wellbore are considered. Well completion ensures the security of the wellbore walls. Techniques such as horizontal drilling and multi-drain drilling are employed to maximize production efficiency.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members know every week if rigs have increased or decreased by shale basin and play within the basins.)

8. Production Drilling Cost: Balancing Efficiency and Investment

The cost of production drilling is influenced by factors such as well completion requirements, drilling techniques, and environmental regulations. Horizontal wells have higher costs but increased productivity. Environmental considerations, such as waste treatment, can affect well costs. Offshore drilling requires the use of floating supports, which adds to the overall development costs.

9. Floating Supports: Enabling Offshore Production

Offshore drilling necessitates the use of floating supports. Shallow water depths can utilize fixed structures like jackets, while deeper waters require semi-submersible platforms, SPAR structures, or Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels. The choice of floating support depends on water depth, field characteristics, and the need for autonomous production and storage capabilities.

10. Total Development Costs: Evaluating the Investment

Development investments encompass development drilling, production facilities, storage tanks, pumping units, and discharge systems. The duration of the development phase varies but typically ranges from 1 to 4 years. Development costs depend on factors like field location, depth, and oceanographic conditions. Identifying key parameters and conducting thorough evaluations are crucial for defining and optimizing the project’s profitability.

Conclusion

The economics of oil and gas drilling are multifaceted, influenced by factors spanning from exploration to production. Geology and geophysics provide insights into potential hydrocarbon accumulations, while seismic data helps assess the prospect’s interest. Drilling involves significant costs, with a success rate that must be considered. Development drilling and production techniques further contribute to the overall investment. Understanding these economic aspects is essential for stakeholders in the oil and gas industry to make informed decisions and navigate the complexities of drilling economics.

Curious about Rogue Edge?

Discover Rogue Edge, our powerful market research tool designed for energy professionals like you. For only $89/month, gain access to 150 interactive and downloadable charts, AI forecasting, and expert insights on oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, and refined products. Stay ahead with our daily market email, weekly video recap, and PDF reports. Expand your knowledge and stay updated with our educational resources and industry trend updates. Our experienced team is here to provide personalized guidance, tools and support, ensuring your success in the energy sector.

Join us today and unlock the power of informed decision-making in the ever-evolving energy markets.

Click Here To Register Now

Curious but want to learn more… Simply book a meeting with Bill & Brian and we’ll decide together if Rogue Edge is right for you:

Click Here To Book a Meeting

For more information on natural gas processing and its impact on market dynamics, contact our team of experts at rogue@energyrogue.com.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and should not be considered financial or investment advice. Trading and investing in the energy market involves risks, and individuals should conduct thorough research and seek professional guidance before making any trading decisions.

Natural Gas and Crude Commitment of Traders – Unraveling the Market Trends

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Introduction

The energy market is a complex and ever-evolving landscape, where traders and investors strive to navigate the volatility and capitalize on opportunities. One tool that provides valuable insights into the market dynamics is the Commitment of Traders (COT) report. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of Natural Gas and Crude Commitment of Traders, uncovering the significance of this report, understanding its structure, and exploring how it can be utilized to gain a competitive edge in the energy market.

Understanding the Commitment of Traders Report

The Commitment of Traders (COT) report, published by regulatory bodies like the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), offers a weekly snapshot of the aggregate holdings and positions of different participants in the futures market. Released every Friday, the report provides a breakdown of the commitment of classified trading groups based on their positions as of the preceding Tuesday. It aims to enhance market transparency and serves as a valuable tool for futures traders in making informed trading decisions.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members receive the updated COT every Friday.)

Key Takeaways

  • The COT report showcases the aggregate holdings of participants in the U.S. futures market.
  • It offers insights into the positions of different trading groups, such as commercial and non-commercial traders.
  • The report is released every Friday and represents the market conditions as of the preceding Tuesday.

Evolution of the COT Report

The history of the COT report dates back to the early 20th century when the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Grain Futures Administration first introduced an annual report to outline hedging and speculation activities in the futures market. Over the years, the report’s frequency and coverage expanded to encompass various commodities and financial assets.

Initially published annually, the report transitioned to monthly publication in 1962, and subsequently, to a weekly format in 2000. This shift in frequency allowed for more timely and relevant insights into market positions. As the futures market expanded beyond agricultural products to include crude oil, refined products, natural gas, metals, currencies, and other financial instruments, the COT report adapted to include a broader range of commodities.

Classifications in the COT Report

To provide clarity and categorize traders effectively, the COT report classifies participants into different segments based on their primary business activities. The classifications have evolved over time to reflect the changing landscape of the energy market and address concerns about market impact. Let’s explore the key classifications used in the report:

1. Physical Commodities (Nat Gas, Crude, Heating Oil, and other commodities)

For the official Definition – navigate HERE to the CFTC official definitions – below is our simplistic definition.

The physical commodities segment encompasses traders engaged in the production, processing, and usage of commodities. It includes the following categories:

  • Commercials:  Producer/Merchant/Processor/Users: This category comprises firms that utilize futures and options to hedge price risks associated with their commercial operations. They are primarily involved in the physical production, processing, or consumption of the respective commodities.
  • Swap Dealers: Swap dealers are banks and other firms that engage in over-the-counter trading with hedge funds, pension funds, and commercial users. They use on-exchange futures and options to offset price risks arising from these trades.  Often this is the “other side” of the transaction when Commercials Hedge.
  • Managed Money:  noncommercial participant that is generally speaking the “hedge fund” business.
  • Others:  not classified or reported as a classified definition per the CFTC.

(shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members have access to interactive charts for COT as well as technical technical indicators updated daily. )

2. Financial Products

The financial products segment focuses on traders involved in financial instruments related to commodities. It includes the following categories:

  • Dealer: Dealers are market participants who facilitate the trading of commodities and financial products. They play a vital role in providing liquidity and market-making services.
  • Asset Manager: Asset managers are organizations responsible for managing or conducting futures trading on behalf of clients. They include hedge funds, pension funds, and commodity trading advisers.

Additional Classifications

In addition to the primary classifications mentioned above, the COT report also includes a category called “Others” or “Other Reportable.” This category consists of traders who have positions above the reporting threshold but do not fit into the previously mentioned segments. The CFTC does not disclose specific information about how individual traders are classified within the report.

Analyzing the COT Report: Benefits and Limitations

The COT report offers valuable insights into market sentiment, positioning, and potential trends. Traders and investors can leverage this information to make informed decisions and identify potential trading opportunities. Here are some key benefits of analyzing the COT report:

  1. Market Sentiment: The report provides a glimpse into the sentiment of different trader groups, including commercial hedgers and speculators. By analyzing their positions, traders can gauge the overall market sentiment and potentially identify market reversals or trend continuations.
  2. Position Changes: Monitoring changes in positions over time can help traders understand evolving market dynamics. Significant shifts in positions can indicate changing expectations and potential price movements.
  3. Contrarian Indicators: The COT report can serve as a contrarian indicator, highlighting situations where traders’ positions are heavily skewed in one direction. Such extreme positioning may signal an upcoming reversal in market trends.

While the COT report provides valuable insights, it is essential to recognize its limitations. Due to the broad classifications used, the report does not provide granular information on individual traders’ positions. Additionally, the report’s publication lag may impact its relevance in rapidly changing market conditions.  (shameless plug:  Rogue Edge Members have access to our weekly PDF report along with a video recap of the week on COT, Technicals, and all the nitty gritty fundamentals – supply, demand, exports, storage)

Harnessing the Power of COT Reports: Tools and Resources

To effectively utilize the COT report and harness its potential, traders can leverage a range of tools and resources. Energy Rogue, a leading provider of market insights, offers Rogue Edge, a powerful platform that provides interactive and downloadable COT charts. With Rogue Edge, traders can access the latest COT reports for Natural Gas, Crude Oil, Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs), and Refined Products. The platform allows users to identify trends, analyze historical data, and gain foresight into the energy market.

Conclusion

The Commitment of Traders (COT) report serves as a valuable tool for traders and investors seeking to navigate the energy market. By providing insights into the positions of different trading groups, the report offers a glimpse into market sentiment and potential trends. While the report has its limitations, traders can leverage it in conjunction with other market analysis tools to make informed trading decisions. With platforms like Rogue Edge from Energy Rogue, traders can stay ahead of the curve and gain a competitive edge in the dynamic energy market.

Curious about Rogue Edge?

Discover Rogue Edge, our powerful market research tool designed for energy professionals like you. For only $89/month, gain access to 150 interactive and downloadable charts, AI forecasting, and expert insights on oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, and refined products. Stay ahead with our daily market email, weekly video recap, and PDF reports. Expand your knowledge and stay updated with our educational resources and industry trend updates. Our experienced team is here to provide personalized guidance, tools and support, ensuring your success in the energy sector.

Join us today and unlock the power of informed decision-making in the ever-evolving energy markets.

Click Here To Register Now

Curious but want to learn more… Simply book a meeting with Bill & Brian and we’ll decide together if Rogue Edge is right for you:

Click Here To Book a Meeting

For more information on natural gas processing and its impact on market dynamics, contact our team of experts at rogue@energyrogue.com.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and should not be considered financial or investment advice. Trading and investing in the energy market involves risks, and individuals should conduct thorough research and seek professional guidance before making any trading decisions.

WTI versus Brent on Price, Quality, Location

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The energy market is a complex realm, governed by an intricate web of supply chains, demand dynamics, and geopolitical influences. Central to this arena are oil benchmarks, specifically West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent Crude. This article provides an in-depth exploration of these two oil types, their differences, and their influence on the global stage.

1. The Rise of WTI and Brent as Oil Benchmarks

1.1 Origin and Importance of Oil Benchmarks

Oil benchmarks serve as a reference point for traders and investors, dictating the pricing of specific types of oil. The term ‘benchmark’ is essentially a standard against which other commodities can be measured. In the world of oil, WTI and Brent Crude have come to dominate the market.

1.2 The Birth of WTI

WTI, often referred to as Texas light sweet, is known for its high quality. It originates from oil fields in the United States, particularly Texas, making it the benchmark for U.S. oil. The term ‘light’ refers to the oil’s low density, and ‘sweet’ indicates its low sulfur content. Both these qualities make WTI ideal for refining into gasoline.

1.3 The Rise of Brent Crude

Brent Crude, on the other hand, is a benchmark for oil markets in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. It is named after the Brent oil field in the North Sea, situated between the Shetland Islands and Norway. Like WTI, Brent Crude is also light and sweet, making it suitable for refining into petroleum products.

2. Key Differences Between WTI and Brent

2.1 Pricing

From 2000 to 2010, WTI was priced as a premium to Brent.  From 2010 through today – the relationship has flipped and now Brent is priced higher than WTI.  The reasons for this price difference are multifaceted, involving transportation costs, geopolitical factors, and market accessibility. One of the key reasons for Brent becoming a premium to WTI is the rise of the shale revolution which took US production from roughly 6 million barrels of oil per day to over 12 million barrels per day from 2010 to 2023.  The increased supply of the US to the global markets have shifted quite a few dynamics in the oil markets.

2.2 Quality

While both WTI and Brent Crude are considered light and sweet, WTI is slightly “lighter” and “sweeter”. It has an API gravity of about 39.6 and a sulfur content of around 0.24%, making it very desirable for refiners. Brent Crude, though still considered a sweet crude, has a slightly higher sulfur content than WTI.

2.3 Location and Transportation

WTI is produced in landlocked areas in the U.S., leading to higher transportation costs. Conversely, Brent Crude is produced near the sea, where transportation costs are significantly lower. This geographical factor plays a significant role in the pricing of these two oil types.

3. WTI and Brent in the Global Oil Market

3.1 Influence of OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) significantly influences the global oil market. As a group of 13 of the most powerful oil-exporting countries, OPEC uses Brent as their pricing benchmark. These countries’ budgets and policies are often dictated by oil prices, positioning OPEC as a leading geopolitical force.

3.2 The American Shale Revolution

The early 2000s saw a surge in oil production in North America due to advancements in shale oil extraction. This period, known as the Shale Revolution, resulted in an oversupply of oil and subsequently lower oil prices.

4. Geopolitical Factors and Oil Pricing

Geopolitical events can lead to significant price differences between WTI and Brent Crude. During times of crisis, Brent Crude prices often spike due to political uncertainty, while WTI is less affected due to its location in landlocked areas in the U.S. Historical events, such as tensions in the Middle East, have often led to Brent trading at a premium to WTI.

5. WTI and Brent in Recent Years

5.1 The WTI/Brent Spread

In recent years, the WTI/Brent spread has seen considerable fluctuations. For instance, the spread widened significantly in 2011 due to geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. However, in 2015, events in the U.S. and the Middle East led to a decrease in the WTI/Brent spread. Despite these fluctuations, Brent has generally traded at a premium to WTI since early 2016.

5.2 The Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic

The global coronavirus pandemic in 2020 had a significant impact on oil prices. WTI and Brent Crude prices dropped substantially due to decreased demand and oversupply. However, prices have since recovered, and the WTI/Brent spread has remained relatively narrow.

6. The Role of WTI and Brent in the Energy Sector

The price of oil is a crucial factor in the overall health of the energy sector. WTI and Brent Crude are heavily traded commodities, influenced by almost every global macro event. Thus, financial news outlets and traders monitor the rise and fall of these oil futures closely.

7. WTI and Brent: Beyond Pricing and Location

Beyond pricing and location, WTI and Brent also differ in their uses. WTI is produced in the U.S. and is primarily used domestically for refining into gasoline. In contrast, Brent Crude, produced in the North Sea, caters to the European, African, and Middle Eastern markets.

8. The Future of WTI and Brent

The future of WTI and Brent will largely be dictated by geopolitical factors, technological advancements, and global demand. While WTI has experienced a surge in production, Brent continues to be the preferred global benchmark due to its wider market reach.

9. Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the dynamics between WTI and Brent is crucial for anyone interested in the oil market. From pricing to quality, location, and geopolitical factors, the interplay between these two oil benchmarks is a fascinating study of the global energy market.

10. Key Takeaways

  • WTI and Brent Crude are the two main oil benchmarks, dictating pricing in their respective markets.
  • WTI is produced in the U.S. and is slightly “lighter” and “sweeter” than Brent.
  • Brent Crude is produced in the North Sea and caters to the European, African, and Middle Eastern markets.
  • Geopolitical factors, transportation costs, and market accessibility contribute to the pricing difference between WTI and Brent.
  • The future of WTI and Brent will largely be determined by global demand, technological advancements, and geopolitical factors.

How is Crude Oil Priced in the United States?

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Crude oil is a vital commodity in the global energy market, and its pricing is a complex process that involves various factors and market dynamics. In the United States, one of the key benchmarks for crude oil pricing is the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) P-Plus. Understanding how WTI P-Plus is determined can provide valuable insights into the pricing of crude oil in the country.

1. Introduction to Crude Oil Pricing

Crude oil prices are influenced by a combination of global supply and demand factors. Economic growth plays a significant role in determining the demand for petroleum products, including crude oil. As economies grow, the demand for energy increases, particularly in the transportation sector. The world heavily relies on petroleum products for transportation, heating, cooking, and electricity generation.

2. The Role of OPEC in Crude Oil Pricing

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has a substantial impact on oil prices by setting production targets for its member countries. OPEC consists of nations with significant oil reserves, and they control a significant portion of global crude oil production. OPEC aims to manage oil production by setting quotas for its members, although compliance with these quotas can vary.

The effectiveness of OPEC in influencing oil prices depends on several factors, including the compliance of member countries with production quotas, consumer willingness to reduce petroleum consumption, the competitiveness of non-OPEC producers, and the efficiency of OPEC producers compared to non-OPEC producers. OPEC’s spare crude oil production capacity is an important indicator of the market’s ability to respond to disruptions in oil supplies.

3. Understanding Basis Differential

Basis differential is a crucial concept in crude oil pricing. It refers to the value difference between two locations at a specific moment in time. In the context of crude oil, the basis differential represents the difference between the spot price of a commodity and the futures price of the contract used for hedging.

Each location in the United States has its own unique basis differential. For example, even if crude oil is produced in the Permian Basin, the price received may not be the same as the commonly traded point in Midland, Texas. Factors such as transportation costs and supply and demand dynamics at the origin and destination points contribute to the basis differential.

4. Common Basis Points in Crude Oil Market

In the crude oil market, different locations have their own basis differentials. Some common basis points include Clearbrook, Minnesota; Midland, Texas; Houston, Texas (MEH); Louisiana Light Sweet (LLS); and WTI Cushing. These basis differentials reflect the locational price differences to the WTI benchmark, which is primarily traded in Cushing, Oklahoma.

Understanding the basis differential for each location is crucial for market participants, as it provides insights into the price dynamics and supply-demand balance specific to that region. Factors such as transportation costs, regional supply and demand, and infrastructure availability can influence the basis differential.

5. Role of Supply Disruptions in Crude Oil Pricing

Supply disruptions caused by geopolitical events, severe weather conditions, or infrastructure issues can significantly impact crude oil prices. These disruptions create uncertainty about future supply and demand, leading to increased price volatility. The inelasticity of supply and demand in the short term contributes to the volatility of oil prices.

Historically, major oil price shocks have occurred during periods of political events that caused supply disruptions. Examples include the Arab Oil Embargo in 1973-74, the Iranian revolution, the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s, and the Persian Gulf War in 1990-91. Recent conflicts and political events in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, Libya, and Venezuela have also contributed to supply disruptions and price increases.

Weather events, such as hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, can affect oil production and refinery operations, leading to price fluctuations. Refinery outages or pipeline problems can also restrict the flow of crude oil and petroleum products to the market, resulting in temporary supply disruptions.

6. Buyers and Sellers in the Crude Oil Market

The crude oil market operates as a global auction, with thousands of transactions taking place simultaneously worldwide. The highest bidder secures the available supply of crude oil. Market participants, including producers, consumers, and speculators, engage in various types of transactions to buy or sell crude oil.

Futures contracts play a significant role in the crude oil market. These contracts allow producers and consumers to lock in prices for future delivery. Speculators also participate in futures trading, anticipating price changes to make profits. Spot transactions, on the other hand, involve immediate purchases of crude oil at the current market price.

Price changes in spot markets and futures markets provide valuable information about the balance of supply and demand. Rising prices indicate increased demand or reduced supply, while falling prices indicate excess supply or reduced demand.

7. The Uncertainty of Crude Oil Price Outlook

Predicting crude oil prices is a challenging task due to the numerous factors influencing the market. The past decade has witnessed significant price fluctuations, highlighting the complexity of price projections. Factors such as global economic growth, geopolitical events, supply disruptions, and market expectations contribute to price volatility.

To gain a comprehensive understanding of crude oil pricing, market participants should analyze fundamental supply and demand factors, technical indicators, and market sentiment. Having access to accurate and timely market analysis can empower individuals to make informed decisions and navigate the dynamic crude oil market.

8. Importance of WTI P-Plus in Crude Oil Pricing

Within the United States, the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) P-Plus is a crucial benchmark for crude oil pricing. WTI P-Plus refers to the price of WTI crude oil at a specific location, accounting for the basis differential and additional factors specific to that location. Understanding the WTI P-Plus helps market participants determine the value of crude oil in different regions.

The WTI P-Plus varies across locations such as Niobrara, DJ Light, Bakken Cushing, Canadian Sour, WTI Cushing, WTI Midland, WTI Houston, WTS Midland, LLS, and Southern Green Canyon. Each location has its own unique supply and demand dynamics, transportation costs, and infrastructure considerations that contribute to the basis differential and ultimately affect the WTI P-Plus.

9. Factors Affecting WTI P-Plus

Several factors influence the WTI P-Plus for each location. These factors include transportation costs, regional supply and demand dynamics, infrastructure availability, geopolitical events, and weather conditions. Understanding these factors and their impact on the WTI P-Plus is crucial for market participants seeking to optimize their crude oil pricing strategies.

Market participants can leverage market analysis tools and data to monitor and analyze these factors in real-time. By staying informed about supply and demand dynamics, infrastructure developments, and market trends, individuals can make informed decisions and capitalize on opportunities in the crude oil market.

10. Leveraging Market Insights for Crude Oil Pricing

In the dynamic and complex crude oil market, having access to comprehensive market insights is essential for effective pricing strategies. Energy professionals need accurate, unbiased, and objective analysis to navigate the intricacies of crude oil pricing.

Market analysis platforms such as Energy Rogue provide institutional-level market insights, empowering individuals to make informed decisions and maximize their profits. These platforms offer real-time data, fundamental analysis, technical indicators, and AI-driven predictions to help market participants stay ahead of market trends and dynamics.

By leveraging market insights and staying updated on the latest developments, energy professionals can optimize their crude oil pricing strategies and gain a competitive edge in the industry.

Conclusion

Crude oil pricing in the United States is a complex process influenced by various factors, including supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical events, weather conditions, and infrastructure considerations. Understanding the basis differential and the role of benchmarks like WTI P-Plus is crucial for market participants seeking to navigate the crude oil market effectively.

By staying informed, leveraging market analysis tools, and accessing accurate market insights, energy professionals can make informed decisions and optimize their crude oil pricing strategies. The dynamic nature of the crude oil market requires constant monitoring and analysis to capitalize on opportunities and maximize profits.

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What Caused the Oil Crisis of 1979 and How It Changed the Industry Forever

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The 1970s was a transformative time for the oil and gas industry. New sources of supply were developed, demand was growing and the world was changing. The first sign of impending stress came in 1973 when Arab nations imposed an oil embargo on the United States and other countries that had supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. The embargo caused a sudden spike in oil prices, which quadrupled the cost of crude oil within months. By 1975, oil prices had fallen again, but they remained higher than they had been before the crisis. In 1979 another crisis hit when Iran cut off exports of oil because of tensions with Iraq over war with neighboring Gulf states. This time there was no quick fall in prices, and oil soon climbed above $40 per barrel. It kept rising to more than $80 by 1981 — a level not seen again until 2014. An international effort led to peace between Iran and Iraq, which removed one obstacle to increased production from both countries. The price fell below $30 by 1985 as excess supply returned to the market…

1979 Was a Time of Transformative Change for the Oil and Gas Industry

The oil crisis of 1979 was a seminal event in the history of the oil and gas industry. It was the first time that the world had to grapple with the idea of oil shortages. The shock of rising prices sparked a wave of new investment in exploration and development that reshaped the industry. As prices rose, oil companies were forced to search for new sources of supply. They brought new technology to bear on old oil fields, employing the first use of horizontal wells and other techniques that would reshape the industry in the years to come. They discovered vast new pools of oil in the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere that would make the world much less dependent on Middle Eastern crude. Oil companies also started to think about the environmental impact of what they did.

The Dangers of Prolonged Dependence on Fossil Fuels

Oil and gas are finite resources, and their availability at current consumption rates is limited to less than 100 years. Oil is a non-renewable energy source, and once depleted, will no longer be available. To meet the future energy demands of society, alternative sources of energy must be identified and developed. In addition, conservation and increased efficiencies must be employed to reduce the amount of energy needed. The importance of energy in our economy has prompted a major effort to develop alternative sources of energy. This effort involves both governmental and commercial activities. A major problem facing the effort to develop alternative sources of energy is finding the capital to finance the research and development activities.

OPEC’s Move to Consolidate Power Through Dominance of Supply

OPEC was formed in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Other countries including Libya, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria and Nigeria also joined OPEC later. The organization has always been dominated by the interests of its largest producer, Saudi Arabia. It has used many tactics to maintain its position as the dominant producer and exporter of oil. OPEC producers have historically employed a policy of producing as much oil as possible in order to keep the price of oil low. OPEC’s goal was to increase their total income by increasing the volume of oil sold. The increase in supply caused an over-supply of crude oil in the marketplace. This resulted in a decrease in the price of crude oil.

New Sources of Supply Were Developed in Response to the Crisis

OPEC’s oil embargo and the subsequent increase in oil prices led to an effort to discover new sources of oil within the United States. Production on federal lands increased by 70 percent between 1974 and 1979. The U.S. Department of Energy was formed in 1977 to oversee the nation’s energy resources. In 1980, the Department of Energy created a new Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to fund basic research and development in technologies such as solar energy, wind power, and hydrogen fuel cells. In response to the oil crisis, the federal government provided tax incentives to companies engaged in oil and gas exploration. This resulted in the discovery of large amounts of oil in the United States. It also contributed to the conversion of the automobile industry to gasoline powered internal combustion engines. Inside the United States, unconventional oil and gas resources were developed with the help of new technology. New technology allowed producers to use horizontal wells and fracking to extract oil and natural gas from sources that previously could not be tapped. In addition, the use of remote operated vehicles allowed operations to be controlled from a distance.

Conclusion

The oil crisis of 1979 was a transformative event in the history of the oil and gas industry. This crisis was the first time that the world had to grapple with the idea of oil shortages. The shock of rising prices sparked a wave of new investment in exploration and development that reshaped the industry. The discovery of new sources of supply within the United States and in other parts of the world has helped make the world less dependent on Middle Eastern crude. The transformation of the industry that was set in motion by the crisis of 1979 has not yet been completed. New sources of supply have been developed, demand has been growing and the world has changed. However, none of these factors has changed as radically as the oil and gas industry itself.

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Does America have enough oil? The Truth about our Energy Resources

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Does America have enough oil?
The Truth about our energy Resources

The United States is one of the largest producers of oil in the world. In fact, America is producing at a rate that rivals countries like Saudi Arabia and Russia. However, it’s not just about how much oil we have but rather how quickly oil can be extracted and at what cost. To remain a top player in the energy market, we should understand the US oil production and consumption patterns. Is America running out of oil? Do we have enough natural gas to meet demand? Are renewable energy sources a viable long-term solution? Unbeknownst to many, there is an ongoing debate about whether or not America has enough natural resources for future growth and development. The truth lies somewhere between yes and no. Let’s take a look at the facts and explore some common misconceptions about America’s energy resources.

Crude Oil Supply:

How much Oil does America produce?

The United States is the largest oil producer in the world (counting crude oil, petroleum liquids, biofuels, and refinery processing gain), more than even Russia and Saudi Arabia. In fact, Texas alone produces about 40% of all American oil. New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Alaska and California also produce significant amounts of hydrocarbons. These seven states account for approximately 74% of all American oil production and yield approximately 8.5 million barrels of crude oil each day. Current crude production from shale plays total over 7.5 million barrels of crude per day.  Crude oil production is forecast to increase to 12.6 million barrels per day (note – we are currently producing over 12.2 mmbopd or million barrels of oil per day).  Many analysts attempt to forecast crude oil production, but the fact remains that sharp increases/decreases in price provide a more wide variation of forecasts.  If the price for crude oil is $50-60/barrel, crude production in the US might shrink to 8 mmbopd.  On the other hand if crude oil is $100+, crude oil production might grow to 15 mmbopd.

Let’s take a quick look at the largest 10 oil producing countries:

Country

Million barrels per day

Share of world total

United States

18.88

20%

Saudi Arabia

10.84

11%

Russia

10.78

 11%

Canada

  5.54

  6%

China

  4.99

  5%

Iraq

  4.15

  4%

United Arab Emirates

  3.79

  4%

Brazil

  3.69

  4%

Iran

  3.46

  4%

Kuwait

  2.72

  3%

Total top 10

68.82

  72%

World total

95.57

 

Crude Oil Demand:

How much oil does America consume?

Contrary to popular belief, the United States is not one of the top consumers of oil in the world. In fact, America only ranks 22nd in terms of oil consumption per capita (interesting names ahead on per capital – Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Singapore, Bermuda, Greenland, Canada). The average American consumes approximately 22 barrels of oil each year. This number is expected to drop in years to come due to increasing investments in renewable energy technology and sustainable development strategies. Singapore leads the pack with 87 barrels of oil consumed per person per day.  Saudi Arabia is in the top 10 with  37 barrels of oil consumed annually per person and the United Arab Emirates with 35.  Many people believe that America consumes an absurd amount of oil each year.

Let’s take a quick look at the top 10 oil consuming countries:

Country

Million barrels per day

Share of world total

United States

20.54

20%

China

14.01

14%

India

  4.92

  5%

Japan

  3.74

  4%

Russia

  3.70

  4%

Saudi Arabia

  3.18

  3%

Brazil

  3.14

  3%

Canada

  2.63

  3%

South Korea

  2.60

  3%

Germany

  2.35

  2%

Total top 10

60.81

61%

World total

100.23

 

Natural Gas?

Natural Gas: The fastest growing resource...

Natural gas is the fastest growing energy source in the United States – consumption has grown over 30% since 2010. In fact, natural gas is expected to account for more than 26% of America’s energy production by 2030. Currently, natural gas is used to generate 38% of electricity in the United States.  Natural gas is much cleaner than other carbon-based fuel sources. It’s also cheaper (until early 2022 – 😉), abundant and easier to transport. As a result, natural gas is expected to remain the main source of electricity in America for years to come. In terms of production, the United States is the largest natural gas producer in the world. As a matter of fact, the US has become one of the largest exporters of Natural Gas in the world via LNG – with the other two countries in the top three – Australia and Qatar.

Crude Oil Production Capacity:

Is America Running Out of Oil?

No, not at all. In fact, American reserves are predicted to last for another 40 years. This figure is based on daily consumption rates and does not account for rising demand. The rate at which oil is extracted from the ground varies significantly and can shift dramatically within a matter of months depending on prices and demand.. It depends on several factors including the location of the well, the type of crude oil and the amount of pressure it is under. As crude oil ages, it becomes more difficult to extract and the cost of production increases.

Reserves are one of the most contended variables as it can vary significantly based on who does the reserves analysis on the actual economic recovery of the oil.  One important fact to understand is that if it costs more than a barrel is worth to extract it from the ground, it will not be counted in oil reserves – which can vary significantly due to price swings.  At the end of 2020 – here is where the market “believes” the reserves stand by country:

Rank

Country

Reserves

% of World Total

1

Venezuela

303.8

17.50%

2

Saudi Arabia

297.5

17.20%

3

Canada

168.1

9.70%

4

Iran

157.8

9.10%

5

Iraq

145

8.40%

6

Russia

107.8

6.20%

7

Kuwait

101.5

5.90%

8

United Arab Emirates

97.8

5.60%

9

United States

68.8

4.00%

10

Libya

48.4

2.80%

What about renewables?

Where do renewables fit in?

Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are expected to produce about 44% of America’s electricity by 2050. This projection is based on current production rates and expected technological advancements. These sources of energy are growing in popularity because they are cheap and environmentally friendly. They also require little to no maintenance. However, renewable energy sources are not expected to meet all of America’s energy demands. This is because certain areas of the United States are not suitable for solar and wind farms due to climatic conditions.

The jury is still out on if renewables solve the dependence on oil & gas. The majority of energy experts agree that renewable energy technologies are here to stay. They are expected to contribute significantly to America’s power generation in the near future. However, there is no consensus on whether or not renewables will replace conventional energy sources such as oil and gas. Experts do agree that the two sources will form a symbiotic relationship in the years to come. As renewable energy technologies continue to evolve and improve, they are expected to meet more and more of America’s energy demands. But they will likely never replace conventional sources of energy.

Renewables will have a direct impact on crude oil and natural gas demand.  However, when we look at each product – there is an amount of demand that simply can not be replaced by renewables (at least with today’s technology).  Crude Oil is used to make products made from wood, plastic, clothing, computing, etc. – there is a certain amount of crude oil demand that will simply be needed as long as we use monitors, tvs, cell phones, clothing, furniture, etc.  On the Natural Gas side, it is important to realize that when the wind dissipates or the sun is hidden behind clouds, Natural Gas is our likely back up fuel.  This reinforces a viewpoint of needing ALL OF THE ABOVE in our energy future.



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Conclusion:

So what is the bottom line?

America is not running out of oil but it is becoming more expensive to extract as reserves age. There are plenty of ways to reduce this dependency by switching to renewable energy sources. However, doing so will take time and require significant investment. In the meantime, we can take steps to reduce our reliance on oil and gas by creating a more sustainable way of life. This can involve investing in public transportation, increasing energy efficiency and developing better regulations to curb carbon emissions.

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What is Basis in the Oil and Gas Markets?

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What is Basis in the Oil and Gas Markets?

Let’s take a trip back to elementary school:

Teacher:  “So, if you have an apple in Georgia worth $2 and the cost to transport it to New York City is $1, how much is the apple worth in New York City?”

Student:  “$3”

Teacher:  “Well done!”

Believe it or not, this exercise is EVERYTHING you need to know about basis.  The Basis Differential for New York City is PLUS $1 to Georgia.  Simply put the Basis Differential is the value difference between two locations at a particular moment in time.

Official Basis Definition

Let’s look at a rather official definition according to Investopedia

“Basis differential is the difference between the spot price of a commodity to be hedged and the futures price of the contract used.”

Um, wait – weren’t you talking about apples?  Yes – here let’s digest what they are talking about…

When you google crude oil price today – what do you see?  You will see something like the following:

This shows what the “Front Month” of Crude Oil WTI is trading – which means it is for a FUTURE time period.  So when investipedia is referencing the futures price – all of the financial contracts used for hedging are for future time periods (don’t worry – we will touch on futures and hedging on another post). 

Simply put – Basis Differentials are the Locational Price difference (plus or minus) to the location of WTI (which is actually in Cushing, OK). 

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Common Basis Points that are used in the Crude Oil Market

Location
Basis (Aug-21)
Clearbrook, MN
($0.25) / bbl
Midland, TX
+$0.02 / bbl
Houston, TX (MEH)
+$0.48 / bbl
Louisiana Light Sweet (LLS)
+$0.66 / bbl

Every location in the US has it’s own unique basis.  For example, just because you produce a Permian barrel does not immediately equate to getting a Midland, TX Price.  There’s often a unique locational variance from a commonly traded point in Midland, TX to the physical location where the oil is being sold.

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Common Basis Points that are used in the Natural Gas Market

Location
Basis (Aug-21)
Houston Ship Channel (HSC)
($0.03) / MMBTU
Panhandle
($0.32) / MMBTU
Dominion South
($0.96)
TTF (Europe)
+$45.15
JKM (Japan-Korea Marker)
+$12.85

Similar to Crude, selling Natural Gas in the Dominion South area, will not equate to a Dominion South price.  There is typically some type of transportation involved to sell to Dominion South or to another pipeline in the area (such as TCO which is another commonly traded point in the Marcellus/Utica).  But the price at Dominion South will give a directional idea of where the prices will be for that particular area.

Below is a sample of what our Rogue Edge Members have access to EVERY DAY!!  Only $89/month and you can have access to professional level crude market analysis for retail prices.

Basis is NOT just the cost of transport between two points.

Quick – how much is an apple worth in NYC?

In our previous example, an apple in Georgia was worth $2 and it cost $1 to transport the apple to NYC which equated to a $3 price, with a NYC basis of $1.

Here’s the “bearish” twist – just because an apple is worth $2 in Georgia doesn’t mean buyers in NYC will pay $3 for an apple.  What if cherries were on sale because it is cherry season (which is around April through July or August), so consumers in NYC didn’t care to buy apples at $3 because they could get cherries much cheaper. 

Here’s the “bullish” twist – let’s say that all of the transportation trucks have been contracted out in the short term so there’s a shortage of transportation which leads to an escalated transport price of $2 (and it isn’t cherry season) – consumers in NYC might be willing to pay $5 or more for an apple because of the supply shortage.  Another example of this might be toilet paper during COVID – prices went up due to supply chain issues.

In Summary:

Basis is simply the value difference between two different locations.  A simplistic view would place the delta between the two locations as the transportation cost – but the REAL value difference is matching up the supply and demand both at the origin point and the destination point.  This is where fundamental supply and demand is really important for interpreting trends and knowing where the market might go….

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Hopefully, this helps to understand all of these CIA’s (crazy industry acronyms) 🙂

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What is Crude Oil? What is Condensate?

What is Crude Oil? What is Condensate?

The energy industry has avoided hard definitions for Crude Oil versus Condensate.  One of the more confusing parts of the energy industry is why there are different names for the same thing – a barrel of gooey black stuff is all crude oil – RIGHT?!?

 

 Well … not exactly

Composition of Crude Oil and Condensate

Crude Oil and Condensate are  mixtures of hydrocarbons that contain various components.  Depending on the extraction technique, geographic location, reservoir, and numerous other factors the components of a barrel of crude oil or condensate can contain any combination of asphalt, petro-chemical feedstocks, heavy fuel oil, jet fuel, diesel, automotive gasoline, lubricants, waxes, and hydrocarbon gas liquids.

One of the key factors in the industry in understanding the difference between crude oil and condensate is the quantity of hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL) in a barrel of crude oil.  If a barrel has more HGL, then the barrel is considered “light” or high gravity. 

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GRAVITY

The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the largest US trade association for oil and natural gas.  According to the API, the following classifications exist for light, medium, heavy

Type of Crude Oil
API Gravity
Heavy
Below 22.3 Degrees
Medium
22.3 to 31.1 Degrees
Light
Above 31.1 Degrees

Um – ok – so what about Crude Oil versus Condensate?

Let’s start with the API of West Texas Intermediate Crude which is considered the benchmark quality standard for the United States.  West Texas Intermediate Crude (WTI) is 39.6 degrees.  Often the industry participants round this off to 40 degrees for simplicity.

Generally, the higher the gravity then there are more hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs) in the barrel.  There isn’t a hard cutoff on gravity to determine whether a barrel is crude oil or condensate.  That said, generally it is safe to say any gravity above 50 degrees would be considered among all energy participants to be condensate.  Barrels between 40 and 45 are considered light crude oil. Barrels that are between 45 degrees (WTI quality) and 50 degrees – this has historically been the area where most industry participants debate whether to call the barrel crude oil or condensate.

API Gravity
Industry Classification
Below 30 Degrees
Heavy Crude Oil
30 - 40 Degrees
Crude Oil
40-45 Degrees
Light Crude Oil
45-50 Degrees
Crude Oil OR Condensate
50 Degrees or Above
Condensate

Summary:  What Gravity is Condensate?

According to the API definition, a West Texas Intermediate Barrel (the benchmark quality utilized for the NYMEX and ICE financial contracts) is a “light” barrel.  About 4-5 degrees higher, and you get into the “fuzzy” definition of Crude Oil or Condensate. 

But the industry seems very consistent that any barrel lighter than 50 degrees is classified as Condensate. So, to make it clear as mud:  

  • 40 Degrees or Less:  Crude Oil
  • 40 to 45 Degrees:  Light Crude Oil
  • 45 to 50 Degrees:  Some call it Crude and others call it Condensate
  • 50 Degrees or More:  Condensate

Hopefully, this helps to understand all of these CIA’s (crazy industry acronyms) 🙂

Have a great day!

Team Rogue

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